GURIA – a small winegrowing region with immense potential.

| GIORGI SAMANISHVILI | Enologist

The Guria region encompasses the southern peripheral part of the Colchis Lowland and the northeastern extensions of the Meskheti Ridge. To the north, it borders the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, to the east, the Imereti region, to the south, the Autonomous Republic of Ajara, and to the west, the Black Sea. Covering an area of 2033.2 square kilometres, its administrative centre is Ozurgeti.

In comparison to other winegrowing regions of Georgia, Guria may have slightly smaller vineyard acreage, but it holds significant importance. First and foremost, itโ€™s crucial to emphasise that before the emergence of diseases, Guria, alongside Samegrelo, held significant importance. This explains the diversity of autochthonous varieties found here. When discussing Guria and its grape varieties, I believe we should always begin with Chkhaveri because it epitomises โ€œthe quintessential Gurian varietyโ€ in the truest sense.

Chkhaveri defies categorization โ€“ its wine can vary from white, crafted with brief maceration, to amber or even rosรฉ. In a blind tasting, if the taster is unfamiliar with the variety or lacks knowledge of Chkhaveri, they simply wonโ€™t be able to accurately assess this wine.

Chkhaveri is a grape variety capable of producing all types of wine. While I occasionally reference it, alongside Ojaleshi, as one of the exceptional varieties, Chkhaveri is inherently more exotic than Ojaleshi and defies all conventional standards. In winemaking, departing from the norm is the ultimate compliment, both to the variety itself and to the resulting wine.

The earliest mention of Chkhaveri that Iโ€™m aware of dates back to the 1820s in Jacques Francois Gambaโ€™s journey to Georgia. Gamba recounts that during his visit to the family of Jacob Mari, he sampled an outstanding wine made from grapes that do not turn red even when fully ripe. Although the name Chkhaveri isnโ€™t specifically mentioned in the account, it is portrayed as the finest wine.

Amiran Dolidze | Vineyard Dolidze: Normally, wine enthusiasts visiting Georgia seek out wines crafted from more renowned varieties, such as Rkatsiteli and Saperavi. However, upon discovering Chkhaveri, they are consistently caught off guard because this grape variety distinguishes itself from all others with its unique character, colour, and taste.

Levan Ujmajuridze | Director, Dr, Professor | Academician of Georgian Academy of Agriculture Sciences (GAAS) | LEPL SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH CENTER OF AGRICULTURE| Academician|: Chkhaveri is a distinctive grape variety renowned for its organoleptic characteristics. Its uniqueness is defined by its delicate wine profile, distinct taste, and moderate alcohol content. The agronomy employed for Chkhaveri differs from that used for other cultivated varieties. It necessitates a relatively tall trunk, as this variety thrives best when allowed to grow without restriction. Additionally, the vines require long spur pruning to ensure they bear a sufficient load. Additionally, the choice of rootstock is crucial, particularly considering the specificities of Guriaโ€™s soils. Achieving a high-quality grape harvest also depends significantly on factors such as the cumulative active temperatures and the hydrothermal quotient specific to this variety. Hence, Chkhaveriโ€™s agronomy is a separate phenomenon that operates outside conventional standards, but is still regulated.

David Chichua | LEPL Scientific-Research Center of Agriculture|: Varieties of Colchian origin thrive in the unique climatic conditions of the Black Sea coast, which, I believe, cannot be replicated elsewhere on Earth.

The wettest period here occurs in August and September when precipitation levels reach their peak. The majority of Gurian and Megrelian varieties boast an exceptionally long growing season.
During times of excessive rainfall, when the threat of fungal infections is high, Gurian and Megrelian varieties retain their green colour, providing them with protection against these infections. In certain years, Guria experiences favourable conditions, and only when October is sunny and warm does the ripening of Chkhaveri commence.

Giorgi Samanishvili: The extended vegetation period is a key characteristic that sets Chkhaveri, Aladasturi, and Ojaleshi apart.

Levan Ujmajuridze: Therefore, in terms of ripeness, the majority of them are classed as late-ripening varieties.

Zurab Topuridze |Winery โ€œIberieliโ€/ โ€œNatural Wine Associationโ€- Co-founder| : Chkhaveri was initially introduced to me by my grandfather, who came from Samegrelo and served as an officer to the king. In the 1930s, to escape being shot, he followed the advice of his friends and relocated to Bolnisi, where German (Swab) colonists resided and were involved in viticulture and winemaking. This Megrelian gentleman cultivated four varieties in Bolnisi – Rkatsiteli, Saperavi, Goruli Mtsvane, and Chkhaveri. He was well aware that Chkhaveri was not only one of the finest grape varieties but also served as Guriaโ€™s calling card.

David Kobidze |โ€Kobidzeebis Marani, Datoโ€™s wine,โ€ viticulturist-winemaker. โ€œGurian Vine and Wine Clusterโ€ Co-founder|: I have enjoyed a long-standing friendship with Zurab Topuridze. He was the first winemaker to bottle Chkhaveri after the Soviet era. The revival of Chkhaveri production and bottling after a 30-year hiatus was a significant milestone for the people of Guria. Presently, Batoni (Georgian title of respect akin to sir) Zurab exports wines from his wine cellar to over ten countries.

At a young age, I was among the first to start cultivating Chkhaveri in Guria. However, I approached the prospect of bottling wine with great caution and even trepidation. Mr. Zurab Topuridze stood by me, generously sharing his knowledge and experience, and assisted me in selling the wine after it was bottled.

Zurab Topuridze: In 2009, I crafted Chkhaveri for the first time, and it turned out to be exceptionally good. In the subsequent years, I found it challenging to surpass its quality. I experimented with various methods, including short maceration on a small amount of chacha (pomace), long maceration on a small amount of chacha, and long maceration on full chacha. This variety demands a significant amount of effort and careful consideration to achieve the desired results in winemaking. Chkhaveri can be a challenging partner in both viticulture and winemaking. At times, itโ€™s possible to produce varying wines from the same vineyard, even under nearly identical climatic conditions and employing the same processes (such as short maceration on a small amount of chacha).

However, this variability could also be attributed to differences in soil composition across the slopes rather than solely on the complexity of the variety itself. Even today, there remains ample room for experimentation and refinement. Over the course of the last 13 years, I have achieved success on three occasions – in 2009, 2012, and 2016 – and these vintages produced the finest wines. Itโ€™s also worth mentioning the 2021 Chkhaveri, which was crafted without skin contact.

CHKHAVERI

Levan Ujmajuridze: This is a matter that warrants discussion both in theory and in practice. Soils and the orientation of plots play a crucial role in the cultivation of Chkhaveri. As you are aware, we donโ€™t have a wide variety of soils to choose from in Guria. The predominant soil types in this region include red, brown, humus-carbonate, and alluvial.

Before deciding to plant new vineyards, itโ€™s essential to conduct a preliminary assessment of the site. This assessment should consider not only climatic conditions, but also soil characteristics such as proximity to groundwater, soil acidity, and fertility. Once these factors have been adjusted as necessary, we can begin to consider agro-technological or other measures related to planting a new vineyard.

Andro Vashalomidze |Viticulturist-Winemaker|: In Guria, there is a prevalent red soil characterised by high acidity and low humus content. However, this soil type offers a significant advantage: volcanic rocks, rich in trace elements, which enrich the grapes and wine with unique aromas. Therefore, Gurian wines are renowned for their distinctive aromas. Despite the lower humus content, proper fertilisation can yield excellent results from soils of this composition.

Zurab Topuridze: Low humus content is beneficial because it allows for soil fertilisation. Conversely, when humus levels are high, nothing can be done, it will ruin the wine.

Andro Vashalomidze: Itโ€™s important to consider that in recent years, the climate has been deteriorating. While we canโ€™t halt this process, we must strive to adapt to the new reality. Itโ€™s evident that air humidity has risen, particularly noticeable in Ozurgeti, leading to an increase in diseases. Additionally, Iโ€™ve observed that grapes are accumulating more sugar than they did, for instance, 10-15 years ago, yet their aromas are diminishing. In other words, while the grapes are sweeter, the aromas arenโ€™t as pronounced as they once were.

Giorgi Samanishvili: This is a situation where sugar ripening is increasing, but the flavour fails to catch up.

David Maghradze |Institute of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology, Tbilisi, Georgia ยท Grape and Fruit Germplasm Research, Genetics and Breeding, Dr. of Agricultural Sciences|: In response, the National Wine Agency has compiled and distributed a manual for practitioners titled Climate Analysis for Modern Viticulture of Georgia, available in both Georgian and English. Collaborative research with the University of Milan revealed that in 1994, there was a 1.2-degree increase in the average annual temperature.
Much has evolved in viticulture since then. This altered climatic landscape has been comprehensively analysed in the aforementioned book, offering tailored recommendations for each region of Georgia based on altitude limits and guidance on how modern viticulture can adjust to this new reality.

David Chichua: When discussing climatic conditions and the corresponding agronomy, itโ€™s essential to mention the phenomenon of Maghlari (ancient Georgian cultivation system where vines are trained to grow up trees) vineyards. A practical solution to overcome Guriaโ€™s challenging terrain is Maghlari vineyards. As vines naturally seek optimal exposure, training them onto trees ensures that 90% of the vegetative mass and fruit receive ample sunlight. This intriguing aspect shouldnโ€™t be overlooked when considering Guriaโ€™s viticulture.

Giorgi Samanishvili: Batono Andro, you have quite a few local varieties in your collection. Could you tell us about them?

Andro Vashalomidze: From the outset, my mission in seeking and planting Gurian varieties has been to phase out those that were imposed on our region, be it for objective or subjective reasons (including Isabella). Iโ€™m continuously on the lookout for local varieties, and despite Guriaโ€™s relatively small size, encompassing just three municipalities, I actively collect them. Come Autumn, I am sending these samples to Mr. Levan Ujmajuridze at the research centre for identification. Additionally, I maintain a collection plantation in Ozurgeti, where Iโ€™ve gathered 17 Gurian varieties. These include: Sakmiela, Chkhaveri (two forms), Atinauri, Tetri Chkhaveri (entirely different from the renowned Vardisperi (pink) Chkhaveri, despite the shared name), Ayeti (a provisional name pending identification), Skhilatubani, Mtredispekha, Aladasturi, Chumuta, Kamuri Tetri, Klarjuli, Orona, Jani, Badagi, Tsitlani, and an additional intriguing white grape variety yet to be identified. Today, weโ€™ll have the opportunity to taste wines made from seven of these varieties.

David Kobidze: Years ago, during my quest for Gurian varieties, I encountered Batoni Andro in Ozurgeti. Initially, he regarded me with suspicion, perhaps due to my youthful appearance. However, he eventually took me to his car and drove me to a local familyโ€™s residence. There, in the yard, stood a large tree with the ancient Gurian variety Badagi trained onto it. He requested a sapling from the owner, who promised to provide it the following year. However, Batoni Andro insisted, stating, โ€œThis young man has come all the way from Chokhatauri, and we cannot let him leave without a sapling.โ€ Eventually, Batoni Andro and I departed with two saplings. Even today, rare Gurian varieties remain challenging to come by, and itโ€™s thanks to him that I was able to plant Badagi and produce wine from it. Presently, we have 15 ancient Gurian grape varieties thriving in our collection plantation.

Levan Ujmajuridze: From Chkhaveri, the flagship variety of Guria, we transition to explore other varieties typical of this region. Many of these, along with varieties from other regions, were repatriated to the Jighaura collection plantation from abroad. Our initial expeditions to the villages of Guria were made possible thanks to Batoni Andro, and we documented each grape variety we encountered, collecting samples along the way. 

CHKHAVERI

The ampelographic characteristics of these specimens were thoroughly studied at the Scientific Research Center of Agriculture. The identified varieties are now being cultivated in the Jighaura collection plantation. In Guria alone, approximately 210 specimens have been discovered, and with meticulous record-keeping, they are now well-preserved. Similar expeditionary efforts will persist in the future across all three municipalities of the region.

Varieties preserved in collection plantations play a crucial role in conserving the gene pool. Alongside studying their ampelographic characteristics, we also analyse their organoleptic traits, set up wine analysis samples, conduct control tests, and assess the oenological potential of each variety. This marks the beginning of the journey, alongside Chkhaveri, for Gurian varieties such as Aladasturi, Jani, Skhilatubani, Mtevandidi, Orona, Chumuta (one of the finest red grape varieties cultivated across all three municipalities of Guria), Tsitlani, Badagi, Sakmiela, Mauri Tetri, Guruli Mtsvivani, and Guruli Ojaleshi, Tetri Chkhaveri, and others.

SAKMIELA
MTEVANDIDI

JANI
SKHILATUBANI

Zurab Topuridze: Are there two forms of Sakmiela? 

Levan Ujmajuridze: Sakmiela is indeed one variety, but like many other cultivated varieties, it can have two or more phenotypically different clones. In 2023, the Jighaura base of the Scientific Research Center sent 550 samples of local grape varieties to the Spanish Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences for study using molecular markers. Among these samples was the Sakmiela variety, which is preserved in the collection plantation of Jighaura.  

At this stage, we have also sent an additional 250 vine samples, including a sample of Sakmiela from Guria. We are awaiting the final results, and we suspect that these may represent two clones of the same variety. As youโ€™re aware, clonal selection is fundamental in viticulture and winemaking worldwide, and it is also our future direction. Once a grape variety is identified, we can further explore and identify potentially interesting clones within that variety.

Andro Vashalomidze: From my collection plantation in Ozurgeti, I want to highlight primarily Badagi, Sakmiela, and Tetri Chkhaveri. However, other varieties are equally fascinating. Badagi, along with Chumuta and Mtredispekha, yield high-quality products not only in Chokhatauri, where viticulture is more established, but also in Ozurgeti and possibly Lanchkhuti municipalities, which are situated in the relatively lower Black Sea region.

Zurab Topuridze: It appears that Badagi is resistant to humidity.

Andro Vashalomidze: Historically, the homeland of this variety is Ozurgeti and Kobuleti – as we can see, God has clearly distributed these varieties wisely. Our ancestors were also wise people; for example, in the village of Shemokmedi, there were many varieties, but Aladasturi was not among them, indicating that it does not yield high-quality products in this area.

David Kobidze: Iโ€™d like to delve into the topic of Aladasturi as well. Erketi, our residence and the location of our vineyard and marani (wine cellar), holds a rich historical significance. The village is home to an ancient basilica-style church dating back to the eighth century, characterised by its unique single-nave design, a rarity in Georgia. Notably, one of its doors is crafted from vine wood, emphasising the longstanding tradition of viticulture and winemaking in Guria, spanning many centuries.

In our yard, two mulberry trees stood tall, and I vividly remember Aladasturi vines wrapped around both. When winter arrived and frost settled in, my father would harvest these grapes for us to enjoy as a fruit treat. Itโ€™s a versatile variety, suitable for both table consumption and winemaking.Today, it is cultivated in substantial quantities, and is used for crafting wine as well, however, I believe this variety requires even more attention.

Zurab Topuridze: Regarding another Gurian variety, Mtevandidi, I found its cultivation and upkeep to be challenging due to its delicate nature.

Levan Ujmajuridze: Your commitment to organic viticulture certainly adds to the difficulty.

Zurab Topuridze: Nevertheless, Iโ€™m determined not to give up and will continue to nurture it. Regarding the Tetri Kamuri, Iโ€™ve never vinified it on its own. Instead, Iโ€™ve blended it with Tsolikouri, fermenting these two grape varieties together, and theyโ€™ve complemented each other beautifully.

David Kobidze: I press Tetri Kamuri and Sakmiela together and create a blend. Kamuri tends to have relatively low acidity, whereas Sakmiela is known for its high acidity. These two varieties harmonised perfectly, resulting in a wine with an exceptional flavour profile.

Zurab Topuridze: I agree with you; Tetri Kamuri indeed delivers excellent results in coupage.

Giorgi Samanishvili: Undoubtedly, Guria boasts a rich diversity of grape varieties. However, to truly excel in winemaking, we must embark on exciting experiments in winemaking. Otherwise, there is no need for reinventing the wheel. Guria holds immense potential to emerge as one of the leading winemaking regions in Georgia.

David Maghradze: As mentioned by Mr. David Kobidze, the church door crafted from vines is just one of many such fascinating references to viticulture in Georgian culture, linked to the wild vine. The wild vine (Vitis Vinifera subsp. silvestris Gmel.), ancestor to our cultivated vines, once thrived across Georgia until the devastating impact of powdery mildew and later phylloxera in the mid-19th century. Remarkably, the ampelographic characteristics of the wild vine closely resemble those of its cultivated descendant, highlighting its ancestral significance.

The wild vine played a significant role in what we have been discussing today, in regards to shaping varietal diversity, marking the beginnings of vine domestication. Known as Mortskhula, it was prevalent not only in Guria but also in other parts of Georgia.

In Georgiaโ€™s history as the birthplace of grapevines, along with numerous archaeological discoveries, confirming the presence of wild grapevinesโ€”particularly their male variantsโ€”holds significant importance. Iโ€™ve been studying this since 2003 and have found samples from all across Georgia except for Guria and Samegrelo. Hence, Iโ€™d like to appeal to Guriansโ€”Iโ€™m certain that within the forests of this region, there must be such a grapevine. It would be valuable to discover them and to incorporate them into the collective census we are currently compiling.

Regarding the process of vine domestication, wild vines were naturally trained onto trees in the forest. As you know, our native vine is inherently a forest plant and always seeks to climb to the top of trees to access maximum sunlight. This behaviour is innate and has evolved over time. Prehistoric humans initially brought wild grapes from the forest. Even after deforestation, they preserved the trees on which wild vines were entwined.

In the next stage of agricultural development, these trees were intentionally planted, and vines were cultivated on them. This practice is documented in 19th-century Guria. Agronomists from this period, such as Ermile Nakashidze, have described how the Maghlari vineyard was cultivated to grow on trees. It represents an ancient system of vine formation, serving as a transitional link from forest growth to cultivation in vineyards. Hopefully, in the future, we will preserve this type of vine formation, even if only at the level of an exhibitโ€”perhaps as individual trees with vines standing in private yards.

According to Ampelography of Georgia (Ketskhoveli and others.1960), Guria boasts 59 grape varieties, while Imereti and Kakheti have 85 and 89 varieties respectively. This indicates a focus on developing grape varieties tailored to Guriaโ€™s unique conditions, rather than engaging in competitive breeding, a practice evident throughout the regionโ€™s history.

We must ensure that whatever grape varieties we have, they are brought back to Guria. The best guarantee for preserving a variety is when it remains in the hands of the farmer.

Levan Ujmajuridze: the majority of Guriaโ€™s vineyards were once dominated by the Tsolikouri variety from Imereti, followed by Chkhaveri, Jani, and Kamuri Tetri. The spread of phylloxera in Georgia began with its first observation in Abkhazia in 1881, followed by occurrences in Samegrelo, Guria, Ajara, and Imereti, before reaching Kakheti in 1906. The sole strategy to counter phylloxera was grafting vines onto rootstocks resistant to the pest, a method still used today (as stipulated by the law of Georgiaโ€™s on vines and wine , mandating new vineyards to use cultivated vine varieties grafted onto phylloxera-resistant rootstocks). In the fight against phylloxera, one of the varieties imported from Odessa was Isabella, a form of the American species, Labrusca, used for grafting varieties in Guria and other regions.

David Maghradze: Isabella grapes have a rich history, particularly in Guria, where they adapted well to the prevalent tree formation. Understandably, winemakers harbour scepticism towards this variety. However, I must emphasise that Isabella serves another purposeโ€”itโ€™s widely used for juice production. During the 2016 OIV Congress in Brazil, I observed that Isabella is highly prevalent there compared to other countries worldwide, primarily for juice production. Among the producers are also large wineries, which have two lines: one for white wines and the other for Isabella juice. I mentioned this because we have a plant in Guria, which is well adapted, its purpose as a wine grape is frowned upon, but processing and commercialising it in the form of juice, I think would be a very good alternative for Guria.

David Chichua: Zurab mentioned something really interesting that I think we should explore further: in Guria, winemaking is still mostly about experimenting. Right now, every winery makes small batches of really good wine. Therefore, as is practised globally, successful experiments in Guria should be scaled up for commercial purposes.

Regarding soils: Guria doesnโ€™t have a uniform terrain. We canโ€™t plant vineyards on the plains here because they arenโ€™t suitable. We need slopes, instead of whatโ€™s present in Guria, hills, where the slope veers off every 100 metres. This means that even on one hectare, we canโ€™t plant a completely homogeneous vineyard with consistent indicators. Additionally, the soil changes over short distances. With few exceptions, itโ€™s acidic yellow soil with heavy loam, unsuitable for grape cultivation.

Levan Ujmajuridze: Itโ€™s important to acknowledge that in Guria, historically, there are already existing viticulture zones, (and more may be added), where itโ€™s feasible to cultivate not only Chkhaveri but also other indigenous Gurian grape varieties, resulting in high-quality wines. These areas include the villages of Supsa, Gubazeuli, Khevistskali, Bakhvistskali, Natanebi, and the Bzhuzhi river valleys. There are spots in Guria, such as Askana-Bakhvi in the Ozurgeti municipality, where humus-carbonate soils are also present.

Additionally, Kokhnari-Sachamiaseri micro districts and others in Chokhatauri, along with villages like Dablatsikhe-Ianeul-Goraberazhouli, Akhalsheni-Khevi-Buknari, Shemokmedi-Likhauri, Nagomari-Shroma, Nigoeti-Shukhuti, Chibati-Chochkhati, Aketi-Mamati, and various other micro districts, are undoubtedly intriguing. So, there are already guidelines available to help us determine where to begin, but thereโ€™s still plenty of work ahead to ensure the grape varieties thrive. Despite the challenges posed by the rugged terrain and soil conditions, Guria holds the potential to cultivate wine varieties such as Sakmiela, Mauri Tetri, Jani, Aladasturi, Mtevandidi, Skhilatubani, Chumuta, and others across all municipalities. We must also consider grape varieties intended for table consumption, such as Kamuri Tetri, Klarjuli, Samarkhi, and others. Itโ€™s essential to recognize that we canโ€™t apply a one-size-fits-all approach to their cultivation, even in similar climatic and soil conditions. This emphasises the necessity for further research.

Giorgi Samanishvili: I wouldnโ€™t refer to this as a problem for Guria, but rather as a challenge. Itโ€™s evident that thereโ€™s more work required here compared to other regions of our country, where soils are more uniform. In Guria, zoning needs to be conducted plot by plot. While itโ€™s a task that demands expertise and time, itโ€™s a standard practice worldwide. Within the same valley, village, or even district, professionals should identify the least, most and sufficiently favourable plots for vineyards.This should be done whilst considering factors such as soil and subsoil composition, as well as exposure to sunlight, among others.

And trust me, itโ€™s crucial that these tasks, along with other activities like opening laboratories and providing training, are undertaken by locals. International experience shows that initiatives executed from the central office or capital are never as effective as those implemented by locals on the ground.

In my opinion, the most effective strategy is to accelerate collaboration between existing winegrowers and winemakers. When Gurian Chkhaveri is tasted and assessed by a team of professionals in Tbilisi, the results may be less insightful than when local enthusiasts in Guria evaluate it. The crucial role of local winegrowers and winemakers in advancing Gurian wine cannot be overstated.

David Maghradze: The National Wine Agency carried out the vineyard cadastre project in Guria. Last year, we dedicated 7 months to this project, completing the primary stage of cadastral registration. This year, weโ€™ve appointed a permanent employee to systematically update the information. I urge Gurian winegrowers to be more proactive to help build a comprehensive and transparent understanding of the varieties and vineyards of this region.

At this stage, 97 hectares of vineyard land have been registered in Guria, with 906 winegrowers recorded. We conduct cadastral registration by mapping vineyards, pergolas, and individual vine formations on trees. Consequently, we have detailed information about the location of the vineyards, including the village, municipality, and district, as well as their varietal composition.This information is highly valuable for vineyard and varietal zoning purposes. The National Wine Agency is prepared to share this information with interested parties.

Ermile Nakashidzeโ€™s historical work, published in 1929 under the title Viticulture and Winemaking in Guria-Samegrelo, Ajara, and Abkhazia, could also offer valuable insights for the establishment of grape varieties in a new reality. This book thoroughly examines the grape varieties commonly found in Guria, even providing detailed information by village. Such comprehensive data could serve as an excellent guide for novice viticulturists when planning new vineyards.The National Wine Agency has produced the second edition of this book, which is available in both print and electronic formats.

How Wine is Crafted in Guria

Giorgi Samanishvili: We should definitely discuss winemaking techniques. Batono Zurab, would you like to begin?

Zurab Topuridze: Let me explain using Chkhaveri as an example. I produce it in three ways: 1. Without chacha. 2. With a small amount of chacha, which has an amber hue. 3. With a relatively long maceration period, resulting in a pink hue. Interestingly, the pink colour is less common in my terroir compared to for example in Bukistsikhe. In my experience, the rosรฉ wine from Chkhaveri is quite full-bodied and complex, almost as if it had been aged in contact with chacha for 6 months.

David Kobidze: Currently, there isnโ€™t a standardised winemaking technique in Guria. However, it would be beneficial to establish specific practices such as several days or hours of maceration. This would help us move beyond experimental stages. I strongly believe thereโ€™s a pressing need for this.

We produce several types of wine, a significant portion of which is exported. One of which is Ancestorsโ€™ Wine, crafted from grapes harvested from vines that are over 150 years old. These vines were originally planted by my great-grandfather, Glakhun Kobidze, and my father always tended to them with special reverence. The vines grew, trained onto the cherry tree, and when the tree eventually withered, my father had to cut it down.

Even now, the vineโ€™s form suggests it was once wrapped around the tree. My father crafted wine from these grapes without chacha. Due to limited quantities, we couldnโ€™t produce both white and rosรฉ wine from this single source, so we always had Chkhaveri made without chacha, which had an amber hue. In Guria, we refer to this wine aged without chacha as Petki wine.

Zurab Topuridze: Gurians indeed have a unique terminology. For instance, we could refer to such a wine as Petki Chkhaveri.

Giorgi Samanishvili: Petki Chkhaveri is truly a fantastic term. Gurians can use it on the label, and any wines with an amber hue can be labelled as Petki Chkhaveri. No further requirements are necessary, including laws or regulations.

David Chichua: When it comes to the particular techniques and characteristics of wines, we can go beyond the official categories of the OIV and write on the label what is uniquely meaningful to us.
We shouldnโ€™t overlook the topic of churi (qvevri in western Georgia). As youโ€™re aware, Gurian churi and Kakhetian qvevri are distinct from each other. For example churies that were made and are still made in Atsana, are dense, thin-walled, and well-suited to Gurian winemaking techniques.

David Kobidze: Over the years, much like Zurab, Iโ€™ve experimented with different methods. Iโ€™ve aged wine for 2 weeks with full chacha contact, and in subsequent years, Iโ€™ve tried durations of 3 and 6 months. Now, drawing from my experience and considering our terroir, I limit chacha contact to no more than 2 weeks. This applies specifically to pink Chkhaveri, as Petki is already crafted without chacha. Regarding the Ancestorsโ€™ Wine, it undergoes maceration for only three days.

Giorgi Samanishvili: When it comes to Chkhaveri, three distinct methods come into play: 1. Without chacha, 2. Short maceration. 3. Full maceration.

Zurab Topuridze: Itโ€™s curious, yet intriguing, that even Chkhaveri made without chacha retains its body.

David Chichua: Absolutely. It has both minerality and acidity.

Zurab Topuridze: If it takes on a pink hue, it becomes remarkably full-bodied, standing in stark contrast to typical rosรฉ wines found elsewhere in the world.

David Chichua: In Guria, we observe several stylistic clusters that yield wines with distinct characters. We have dark-hued varieties with fruit tones, ideal for crafting light red wines. This category is widely recognized and sought after by winemakers globally.

Varieties like Mtevandidi, Skhilatubani, Chumuta, and Guruli Ojaleshi are well-suited for this category. The second group yields light-coloured, berry-flavoured, light wines. Examples include Chkhaveri, Badagi, and Bakhva.

What is the technological niche of Gurian varieties? We often describe Georgia as a miniature model of the entire world. Within this small country, we encounter a diverse range of soils and climates, spanning from subtropical to desert conditions. To encapsulate this diversity in winemaking styles, we can assert the following: Georgia encompasses all the wine styles produced globally today. From sweet dessert wines, we transition to full-bodied dry wines, then to soft, harmonious, classic white wines. Following that, we transition to high-acidity wines, and then the next level after high acidity wines is the contrasting- sweet wines. Here lies the untapped potential that needs to be rediscovered in Guria: the production of sweet wines and, of course, sparkling wines. These styles have proven highly successful even in regions like Canada and England, and I hold similar expectations for Guria. In this regard, the production of sweet wines (not semi-dry, semi-sweet or light, but overripe, withered) along with sparkling wines, can thrive exceptionally well.

The high acidity characteristic of Gurian varieties can be effectively balanced through withering (where the acidity is offset by residual sugar).

My rationale isnโ€™t based on foreign analogies. Letโ€™s delve into history. What were Gurian wines renowned for? Colchian sweet and fragrant wines have been known since the Homeric era. Additionally, mokapuli (foam skimmed off) wines prevalent in Guria in the late 19th century, produced through the concentration and purification of the juice.

Skimming involves two key technological steps. Initially, modern flotation is used to clarify the juice by isolating all impurities to the surface for removal, resulting in pure juice. During fermentation, this process eliminates roughness and bitterness. The outcome is a delicate, light and harmonious wine distinguished by its acidity, extractedness, glycerin content, and absence of tannins.

The second step involves concentration, where 20-25% of water is lost, causing the sugar content of the already withered grapes (initially at 22-23% before concentration) to increase to 26-27%. Past experiences have shown that this is the correct approach for further development.

Amiran Dolidze: I produce a sweet Chkhaveri, which currently has no analogue in Guria. Despite its 11.5-12% alcohol content, which is not typically low for a sweet wine, it boasts a highly aromatic profile.

Giorgi Samanishvili: Hereโ€™s my vision for Guriaโ€™s wine style: Chkhaveri should stand out as unique, distinguished by its non-conformity, as weโ€™ve discussed. As for the other mentioned varieties (some more aromatic than others), itโ€™s important to maintain high acidity for freshness and delicate aromas, reflecting the characteristics of grapes grown in their respective terroirs. This approach is highly sought after in todayโ€™s market.

In the same region, thereโ€™s significant potential for sparkling and naturally sparkling wines, which are currently in high demand in the market. Regarding mokapuli or sweet wines, producing them is beneficial, but in my view, it shouldnโ€™t become too widespread.

Finally, and perhaps most importantly, grapes should be harvested as late as possible. Whether it results in sweet, or dry wine depends on the winemaker. Undoubtedly, the potential of the grape lies in a late harvest.

Amiran Dolidze: For several years now, my final harvest has taken place around December 14th-15th. During this time, Iโ€™ve observed that the sugar level doesnโ€™t increase, nor does the acidity decrease.

Giorgi Samanishvili: Itโ€™s evident that the era of refined wines is upon us globally, and western
Georgiaโ€™s time is now.

David Kobidze: In Guria, we established the union for winegrowers and winemakers: Gurian Vine and Wine Cluster. Weโ€™ve outlined a development strategy and initiated our first steps. Through the Cluster, weโ€™ve established a social enterprise and invested in cutting-edge equipment. We aim for active participation from all winegrowers, as the initiative stems from them. Iโ€™m confident that our collective efforts will yield compelling results.

Zurab Topuridze: By crafting a well-thought-out development strategy and taking the right steps, weโ€™re confident that in ten years, Gurian wine will undoubtedly become the top-selling wine.


แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ – แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ | แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜

แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ-แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ-แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒแƒญแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ, แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ. แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜ 2033,2 แƒ™แƒ›ยฒ. แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜ – แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜.

แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒชแƒแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ.

แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒแƒช แƒแƒฅ แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜โ€œ แƒแƒ› แƒคแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—.

แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒฏแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ (แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜), แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ – แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜. แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒฏแƒแƒ•แƒก, แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒก, แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก.

แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ–แƒ” แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก.

แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ 1820-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒŸแƒแƒ™ แƒคแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ‘ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒฏแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก. แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ โ€œแƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜โ€ แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก.

แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” |Vineyard Dolidze โ€ข แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”|: แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ (แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜) แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ—, แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜.

แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ” |แƒกแƒกแƒ˜แƒž แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ-แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜. แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜|: แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒžแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก: แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ – แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒจแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒฃแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒก แƒšแƒแƒฆแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒชแƒ”แƒ—. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒš แƒกแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒฏแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฐแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ›, แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ” แƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒฉแƒฃแƒ |แƒกแƒกแƒ˜แƒž แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ-แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜. แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜|: แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ (แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ) แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒžแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ˜. แƒแƒฅ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ-แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒ›แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒก. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ—. แƒญแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ. แƒ–แƒแƒ’ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ•แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก.

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ |แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”-แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒก แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ˜|: แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒก, แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒก.

แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›, แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ” |แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ โ€žแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜โ€œ. โ€žแƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜|: แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒฃแƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒœแƒ. แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜. 30-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ›แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ 4 แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ – แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒช แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒช.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ” |โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒ—แƒแƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒโ€œ, แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”.โ€œแƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜|: แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒญแƒแƒ—แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ. 30-แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒ—แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒข แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.

แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒก. แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ 2009 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”. แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ. แƒ•แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒ” แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ – แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒชแƒ”แƒก. แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ – แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒแƒœ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— (แƒ›แƒแƒ’. แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ–แƒ”) แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒ› 13 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ – 2009, 2012, 2016 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ 2021 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜.

แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒแƒ— แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ, แƒงแƒแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ-แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ”แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”, แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ; แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ”, แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ— แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”.

แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒ” |แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”|: แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฐแƒฃแƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒšแƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก – แƒ•แƒฃแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฐแƒฃแƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒงแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒก.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฐแƒฃแƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒงแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒฐแƒฃแƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ›, แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒคแƒฃแƒญแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก.

แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ—, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ—. แƒแƒจแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฐแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ™แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ• แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒก. แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ  แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒก (แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒก, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” 10-15 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ), แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒœแƒฃ – แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ.

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜: แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ”แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒแƒซแƒ” |แƒกแƒกแƒ˜แƒž แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ. แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜|: แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒชแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒ  แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒแƒ•แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ—, แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ—แƒแƒœ 1994 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก 1,2 แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒก แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒฉแƒฃแƒ: แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒแƒžแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒก 90% แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒแƒ  แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ—.

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜: แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘.

แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”, แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ”แƒก (*แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ). แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ•แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘, แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก. แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช 17 แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ: แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ (แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ), แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ (แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒš แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ  แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ), แƒแƒ˜แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ (แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜), แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒฎแƒ, แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒญแƒฃแƒ›แƒฃแƒขแƒ, แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ, แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœ, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก, แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ-แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒฉแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ”แƒญแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ”แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”. แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ” แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ, แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ – แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜. แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒก แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒ, แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒฎแƒ. แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒช แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ แƒช แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ แƒ: โ€œแƒ”แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒฎแƒแƒขแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ” แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒโ€. แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ. แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒ, แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ 15 แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜.

แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ – แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ—. แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜ (แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜) แƒฏแƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ—. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ—. แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒ— แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ— แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ-แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ. แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ 210-แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒคแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก. แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒแƒœ-แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒžแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒขแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ, แƒญแƒฃแƒ›แƒฃแƒขแƒ (แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ—), แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก?

แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒœแƒ˜. 2023 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ  โ€œแƒฏแƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒกโ€ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก 550 แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฏแƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• 250 แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ” แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ•แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒช. แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒงแƒแƒ—.

แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ  แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒงแƒแƒค. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ. แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒญแƒฃแƒ›แƒฃแƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒฎแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฉแƒแƒฎแƒแƒขแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒšแƒแƒœแƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒช, แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒš แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—.

แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ – แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ•แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ—, แƒฆแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฅ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ”แƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ•แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒก แƒซแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— (แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜). แƒ”แƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ” แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ. แƒ‘แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒก, แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒ˜แƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒ“, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ“. แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก – แƒ›แƒขแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒก, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ-แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒญแƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒ—, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ. แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ  แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒก – แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ. แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ” (แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ) แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ  แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ• แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒžแƒแƒŸแƒก แƒ•แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ›แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒช แƒแƒ แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒžแƒแƒŸแƒจแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก.

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜: แƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ, แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ› แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒžแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒแƒซแƒ”: แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”แƒ› แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒขแƒแƒซแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ (Vitis Vinifera subsp. silvestris Gmel.), แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ—, แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”-19 แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒญแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒชแƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก. แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฐแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒฃแƒ  แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ•แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒช แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ – แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ.

แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒแƒšแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก (แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก) แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. 2003 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ—: แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ , แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜. แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒก แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ: แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒก แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”-19 แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก (แƒ›แƒแƒ’. แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ” แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”) แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ— แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”. แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒ–แƒ”แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— – แƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—.

โ€žแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ (แƒ™แƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•. 1960) แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก 59 แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒก 85 แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ 89 แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒก. แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒ”แƒฏแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ•แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ— แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒแƒฎแƒแƒขแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก, แƒšแƒแƒœแƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฐแƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ—. แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒญแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“, แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ” แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ›แƒ แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ 1881 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒญแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ™แƒ˜ 1906 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒงแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒซแƒšแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ (แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒซแƒšแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—). แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ—, แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ™แƒแƒกโ€œ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒแƒซแƒ”: แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ, แƒแƒฅ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ. แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก – แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—. 2016 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, OIV-แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ˜แƒฅ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ›แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ—: แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” – แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒช แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒแƒžแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒฉแƒฃแƒ: แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ•แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ‘, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก: แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”แƒ. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜.

แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก: แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. แƒแƒฅ แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก. แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฅ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒš 100 แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฐแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒซแƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒช – แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒซแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ—แƒ˜แƒฎแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ.

แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒซแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ (แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ) แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ‘แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒกแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒงแƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ‘แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒงแƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ‘แƒŸแƒฃแƒฏแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ-แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ-แƒ‘แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฉแƒแƒฎแƒแƒขแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒœแƒแƒ -แƒกแƒแƒญแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”-แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒฃแƒš-แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒŸแƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜-แƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜-แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ™แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜-แƒšแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜-แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜-แƒจแƒฃแƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฉแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒ˜-แƒฉแƒแƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜-แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช. แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ›, แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜, แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒขแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜, แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒญแƒฃแƒ›แƒฃแƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒแƒ  แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช: แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒฃแƒ  แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒฃแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜: แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜. แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒฅ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒฐแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒช, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒ‘แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ, แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ.แƒจ. แƒ’แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ—, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ (แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ, แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ) แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒก. แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช แƒชแƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ”, แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ .

แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฌแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ—, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒฏแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒฏแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฃแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒแƒซแƒ”: แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ. แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜, 7 แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ—. แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒ›แƒฃแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ•แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ• แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ™แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ 97 แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒก 906 แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”. แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒขแƒแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“, แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒš แƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒแƒก.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ แƒ”แƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ” แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒซแƒ˜แƒก 1929 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ โ€žแƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ-แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒญแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜โ€œ. แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜.

แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜: แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ— แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘, แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ—.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘ 1. แƒฃแƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ“, 2. แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒญแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, 3. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ  แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก (แƒ แƒแƒช, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒกแƒชแƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜). แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒแƒก 6 แƒ—แƒ•แƒ” แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒแƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ.แƒจ. แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒก, แƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ— แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”.

แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ โ€žแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒโ€œ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช 150-แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—. แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒฃแƒ˜แƒก – แƒ’แƒšแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ. แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฎแƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒช แƒ”แƒขแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒญแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ” แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒช, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒญแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ. แƒญแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ”แƒ—แƒฅ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ•แƒฃแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒฃแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒคแƒ”แƒ—แƒฅแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜.

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜: แƒคแƒ”แƒ—แƒฅแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒคแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒขแƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ, แƒ”แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ—แƒฅแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒฉแƒฃแƒ: แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ” แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ,OIV-แƒก แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒขแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ— แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒชแƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒฉแƒฅแƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒ – แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ— แƒฉแƒฅแƒ”แƒคแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ.แƒจ. แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ  แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒก แƒญแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒช: แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ—, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒญแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒญแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒชแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ™แƒ”แƒ“แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒแƒžแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒ”แƒช แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ: แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ 2 แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ – 3 แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒช, 6 แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒช. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, 2 แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒข แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒก แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘ แƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ”แƒก แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ  แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒก. แƒคแƒ”แƒ—แƒฅแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒช แƒญแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ” แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ โ€žแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒโ€œ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒก.

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜: แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ: 1. แƒญแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ”, 2. แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ 3. แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒฃแƒชแƒœแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒฉแƒฃแƒ: แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒช.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒฉแƒฃแƒ: แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ – แƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒฏแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒขแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜, แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒญแƒฃแƒ›แƒฃแƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ™แƒ”แƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ.

แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ? แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•-แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ – แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒขแƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ— แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜: แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก: แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ – แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ – แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒœแƒแƒ–, แƒฐแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒš, แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ  แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ – แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ˜ – แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒฅ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ – แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก (แƒแƒ แƒ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒจแƒ›แƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒญแƒ™แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜) แƒ“แƒ แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒญแƒ™แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก).

แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ  แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. แƒฉแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜? แƒฐแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ 19-แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒคแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒคแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก – แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒคแƒšแƒแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒญแƒฃแƒญแƒงแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ•แƒแƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒœแƒแƒ–, แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅ แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ’แƒšแƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ”. แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” – แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒฌแƒงแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 20-25% แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒญแƒ™แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒคแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” 22-23% แƒ˜แƒงแƒ) 26-27 %-แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ.

แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ›แƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒก, แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. 11.5-12 % แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒš แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜: แƒ›แƒ” แƒ’แƒ”แƒขแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ• แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ”, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒช แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ—. แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก (แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜ – แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“) แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒกแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ.

แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒคแƒฃแƒš แƒแƒœ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก – แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒก.

แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœ. แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ แƒฌแƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒก แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜.

แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก 14-15 แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜, แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜: แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ.

แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ – โ€žแƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜โ€œ. แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ’แƒ•แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒก, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒฉแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒก แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒก.

แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘ แƒ—แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”: แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฏแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ— แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜แƒช, แƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ˜.


แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ•แƒฃแƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒก Wyndham Grand Tbilisi แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก.

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