Grape Varieties Prevalent in Kvemo Kartli

| IRMA MDINARADZE. Agriculture Ph.D., Associate professor at
Caucasus International University; Chief Specialist, Viticulture analysis and regulation department, LEPL National Wine Agency |

Kvemo Kartli is an ancient region in terms of viticultural and winemaking history. Remarkably, the earliest traces of wine were discovered there, which, based on the results of the studies by biomolecular archeologists, date back to 6000-5800 BC, establishing this region as the worldโ€™s oldest known winemaking site. Notably, Kvemo Kartliโ€™s region is distinguished by the production of noteworthy and original wines, among them are the PDO wines: Bolnisi and Asuretuli Shala. As per Georgian ampelography (N. Ketskhoveli, D. Tabidze, M. Ramishvili, 1960), this region ranked third in vineyard acreage in Eastern Georgia alone, and fifth in the entire republic. As well as boasting a diverse selection of grape varieties.

CHINURI

Chinuri (AKA: Kaspuri, Kaspuri Tetri, Atenuri and others) is an endemic white grape variety. It belongs to the group of Kartli grape varieties and is widespread in the Kartli zone (Kvemo Kartli, Shida Kartli). According to the historian Ivane Javakhishvili, โ€œits name should reflect the color of the varietalโ€™s grapesโ€ – during the ripening period of the grape, the Chinuri grapes take on a beautiful greenish-amber hue, resembling the color of an olive leaf, which was known as Chini in ancient Georgian.

This variety is known for its high yield, averaging between 8 to 12 tons per hectare, and late ripening, with grapes typically maturing from the first half of October. The grape juice has a sugar content ranging from 17.0 to 20.5%, while its acidity levels fall within the range of 9.0 to 10.0 g/l.

Chinuri is a high-quality, wine grape variety. Wine produced from Chinuri by the classical (European) technology is characterized by a beautiful, pale, straw color, generous body and substance, delicacy, as well as balanced alcohol and acidity content.

It stands as a prominent choice in Georgia for crafting sparkling wines. Notably, the PDO white sparkling wines such as Ateni (Atenuri), Bolnisi, and Okami are exclusively produced from the Chinuri grape variety.

GORULI MTSVANE

Goruli Mtsvane (AKA: Mtsvane, Jishiani (pure breed), Lurji Mtsvane (Blue Green), Tetrpotola (white leaf), Kvishkhuri, Suramula) is an endemic white grape variety. It belongs to the group of Kartli grape varieties and is widespread in the Kartli area (Kvemo Kartli, Shida Kartli).

Varieties like Mtsvane (green), Goruli Mtsvane, Mtsvane Kakhuri, and others are widely cultivated across various viticultural zones in Georgia. However, they exhibit distinct differences in their ampelographic characteristics and economic traits. It should be noted that the names of these varieties are based on the color of their grapes, which, during the ripening phase, notably in shaded regions, display shades ranging from dark to light green.

This is a medium-yielding, (average 8 t/ha) and late-ripening grape variety which ripens from the first half of October. The grape juice presents a sugar content ranging from 21.6 to 22.5%, while its acidity levels fall within the range of 9.1 to 10.0 g/l.

Goruli Mtsvane is as a high-quality wine grape variety. Wines crafted from Goruli Mtsvane using classical (European) methods are recognized for their balanced alcohol content, substantial body, zest, and pleasing acidity. It stands as one of the prominent varieties in Georgia for crafting sparkling wines. Notably, the PDO white sparkling wines such as Ateni (Atenuri), Bolnisi, and Okami are produced from Goruli Mtsvane.

TAVKVERI

Tavkveri is an endemic red grape variety, belonging to Kartliโ€™s grape variety group, prominently cultivated in the Kartli zone (Kvemo Kartli, Shida Kartli), with scattered presence in the Kakheti viticultural zone. Outside Georgia, it is also found in countries like Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and others. According to the renowned scientist, Solomon Cholokashvili, the name derives from the grapeโ€™s flattened end part resembling a Kveri (traditional flat bread) shape.This variety is known for its late ripening, grapes in Kakheti reach maturity towards the end of September, while in Kartli, this occurs in the first half of October. The grape juice displays a sugar content ranging from 19.0 to 21.0%, while acidity levels are within 7.5 to 8.5 g/l. Tavkveriโ€™s flowers function as female, requiring cultivation alongside monoecious varieties.

Tavkveri grapes are used to produce red or pink wines known for their gentle nature, light-bodied profile, fruity aroma, moderate alcohol content, and balanced acidity. Notably, Tavkveri is used in crafting the PDO wine Bolnisi.

ASURETULI SHAVI

Asuretuli Shavi (AKA-Asuretuli, Schalltrauben, Schallschwartz, or Shall) is an endemic red grape variety, part of the Kartli group, and predominantly cultivated in the Kvemo Kartli region. As per the renowned scientist Solomon Cholokashvili (S. Cholokashvili, 1939), Asuretuli Shavi was found in a forest in the surroundings of the village of Asureti, by Otto Schal- a German colonist from Asureti, who planted it in his vineyard. Subsequently, the variety gained significant popularity among the villagers, leading to widespread cultivation.

This variety is noted for its medium to above-average late ripening, with grapes in the village of Asureti reaching maturity from the second half of September. The grape juice displays a sugar content ranging from 17.0 to 19.0%, while maintaining acidity levels within 7.0 to 8.5 g/l. Asuretuli Shaviโ€™s flowers function as female, requiring cultivation alongside monoecious varieties.

From Asuretuli Shavi, light red or red wines are crafted, known for their lively acidity and excellent taste characteristics. Additionally, itโ€™s noteworthy that Asuretuli Shavi is employed in the production of PDO wines such as Asuretuli Shala and Bolnisi.

SHAVKAPITO

Shavkapito, (AKA: Shavi Kapito, Shavkapita, or Lurjpotola), is an endemic red grape variety belonging to the Kartli group and prominently cultivated in the Kartli zone. In the southern part of Tbilisi, within the former German settlements, during vineyard planting, Shavkapito was brought from Kartli as well and was given a German name Blauhรถlzer (blue-horned).

The variety is characterized by medium yield (8 t/ha) and medium-late ripening, its grapes ripen at the end of September/first half of October. Sugar content in its grape juice is 17.0-21.0%, and its acidity is within 6.2-7.1 g/l.

Shavkapito is a high-quality wine grape variety. Wines crafted from Shavkapito, using the classical (European) method, exhibit a beautiful, light red (pink) or red hue, showcasing tenderness, freshness, and harmonious qualities. Additionally, it can be used in producing sparkling wines. Notably, the PDO wines Bolnisi and Okami are produced from Shavkapito.

RKATSITELI

Rkatsiteli, (AKA: Dedali Rkatsiteli (female), Mamali Rkatsiteli (male), Koroliok, Gruzinski, Khanlug, Aslung, Rkatsiteli Gialo, among other names) is an endemic white grape variety categorized within the Kakheti variety group. It holds the top position among grape varieties in terms of vineyard acreage within Georgia. This grape is grown extensively in the Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, and Shida Kartli zones.

Outside of Georgia, Rkatsiteli is cultivated in Ukraine, Bulgaria, Canada, Australia, and various other countries. The 1953 vineyard census revealed that after Kakheti, Rkatsiteli was the most widely spread grape variety in Bolnisi and Marneuli.

This is a high-yielding variety ranging from 6 to 20 tons per hectare, possessing excellent adaptability to various environmental conditions. Its ripening period is typically average or above-average, with maturity occurring in the middle of September in the Kakheti region and by the end of September or start of October in the Kartli region. The grape juice contains sugar levels between 20.0% and 24.0%, while maintaining acidity within the range of 7.0 to 8.0 grams per liter.

Rkatsiteli is characterised by exceptional qualities, being a versatile grape variety, it is capable of producing a diverse array of wines through both the classical European and Kakhetian techniques. Wines crafted in the European style from Rkatsiteli, display a captivating hue, richness, delicacy, fruity aroma, and with aging, develop harmony and an appealing bouquet of flavour.

The Kakhetian style of Rkatsiteli wine presents an amber hue, showcasing harmony, fullness, and a distinct varietal aroma. In the Kartli viticulture zone, and partially in Kakheti, it is also used for crafting sparkling wines. Notably, Rkatsiteli is used to craft several PDO wines as well, including Tsinandali, Gurjaani, Kakheti, Napareuli, Vazisubani, Kardenakhi, Tibaani, Kotekhi, Tsarapi, and Bolnisi.

SAPERAVI

Saperavi is an endemic red grape variety categorized within the Kakheti grape group. Presently, it holds the position of being the most extensively cultivated red grape variety in Georgia based on vineyard acreage. While predominant in the Kakheti zone, Saperavi is also cultivated in the Kartli viticulture zone, including Kvemo Kartli and Shida Kartli.

Beyond Georgia, Saperavi vineyards are cultivated in Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Moldova, New Zealand, Romania, Turkmenistan, Australia, China, and several other regions. It stands as one of the premier examples among red grape wine varieties worldwide.

In the 19th century, the French ampelographer, A.P. Odari, wrote about Saperavi: โ€œEverything leads me to believe that Saperavi surpasses all existing grape varieties for producing red wine, and I can confidently recommend it for extensive trials.โ€

This variety is characterised with above-average yield ( 8-10 t/ha) and medium to late ripening. The grapes in Kakheti ripen from the second half of September. Its grape juice displays sugar content ranging from 20.0% to 26.0%, while its acidity levels fall within the range of 7.5 to 8.5 grams per liter.

Saperavi wine stands out for its exceptional qualities, representing an excellent wine grape variety ideal for producing nearly all of the key types of wines. Its wines showcase intense color, body, fullness, harmony, and develop a robust bouquet of flavours with age.

It is noteworthy that Saperavi is used in the production of several PDO wines, including: Mukuzani, Akhasheni, Kindzmarauli, Tsinandali (red), Kakheti, Napareuli, Kvareli, Kotekhi, Khashmiโ€™s Saperavi, Akhoebi, Bolnisi, and Zegaani.

Saperavi Budeshuri is a variation of the Saperavi grape and was initially documented in 1895 by Simon Kvariani in the village of Ivrispira. Its primary distinction from Saperavi lies in the elongated Budeshuri-like grains with pointed ends and relatively earlier ripening. Known for its high yield, Saperavi Budeshuri remains a high-quality wine grape variety. Wines produced from it are notably intense in color and display a full-bodied profile.


แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜

แƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒแƒซแƒ” | แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜.
แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜. แƒกแƒกแƒ˜แƒž แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜.

แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ› แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— 6000-5800 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ: โ€žแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒšแƒโ€œ. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก (แƒœ. แƒ™แƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ“. แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”, แƒ›. แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, 1960) แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ“, แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ – แƒ›แƒ”แƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜.

แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฅ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜:

แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜, แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ). แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ (แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜). แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒกโ€œ – แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ-แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ– แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก, แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒแƒ› แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฌแƒแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ–แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ โ€žแƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒฎแƒ•แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ 8-12 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ) แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ— – แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 17,0-20,5 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 9,0-10,0 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜) แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜, แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜โ€œ (โ€žแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜โ€œ), โ€žแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜โ€œ.

แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ” (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”, แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒฏแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”, แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒแƒšแƒ, แƒฅแƒ•แƒ˜แƒจแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ). แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ (แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜). โ€žแƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”, แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜; แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ. แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ” แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก – แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒš แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅ แƒแƒœ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ“.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ 8 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ) แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ— – แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 21,6-22,5 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 9,1-10,0 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜) แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜โ€œ (โ€žแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜โ€œ), โ€žแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜โ€œ.

แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ (แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜), แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒคแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒขแƒแƒฏแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒฉแƒแƒšแƒแƒงแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜) แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ. แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ— – แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 19,0-21,0 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 7,5-8,5 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒกแƒฅแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก.

แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“.

แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒจแƒแƒšแƒขแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒจแƒแƒšแƒจแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒช, แƒจแƒแƒš) แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒจแƒ˜. แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒฉแƒแƒšแƒแƒงแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก (แƒก. แƒฉแƒแƒšแƒแƒงแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, 1939) แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ›แƒ Schal-แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ. แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ— – แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 17,0-19,0 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 7,0-8,5 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒกแƒฅแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก.

แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก – โ€žแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒšแƒแƒกโ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“.

แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒ (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒ, แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒ, แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒฏแƒคแƒแƒ—แƒแƒšแƒ) แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ—แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒš แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ Blauhรถlzer (แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜) แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ—.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (8 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ) แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ-แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ— – แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก/แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 17,0-21,0 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 6,2-7,1 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜) แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜, แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ (แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜) แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒฐแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒก แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: โ€žแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜โ€œ.

แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒ“แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ’แƒ แƒฃแƒ–แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒ™แƒ˜, แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒšแƒฃแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒแƒกแƒšแƒฃแƒœแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ) แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ—แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. 1953 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (6-20 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ), แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ – แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก/แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 20,0-24,0 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 7,0-8,0 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜), แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ“แƒแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒฐแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฐแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒก แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: โ€žแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒ’แƒฃแƒ แƒฏแƒแƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒœแƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒขแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒแƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒฎแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜โ€œ.

แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ—แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช (แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜). แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ–แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒ›แƒ”-19 แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜ แƒ.แƒž. แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ: โ€žแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒ•แƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒ แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒกแƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“โ€œ.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (8-10 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ) แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ-แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ— – แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 20,0-26,0 %-แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 7,5-8,5 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฐแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ: โ€žแƒ›แƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒแƒฎแƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€œแƒฅแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ (แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜), โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒœแƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒฎแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒฎแƒแƒจแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒ–แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ.

แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜. แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜โ€œ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ 1895 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฌแƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ.


แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒขแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒ: แƒกแƒกแƒ˜แƒž แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ.

แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ:
แƒก. แƒฉแƒแƒšแƒแƒงแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, 1939. แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ.
แƒœ. แƒ™แƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›. แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ“. แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”, 1960. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ.
แƒ›. แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, 1986. แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ.
แƒœ. แƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒซแƒ” แƒœ., 1987. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜.
Patrick McGovern and others, 2017. Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus. PNAS, Vol. 114 | No. 48. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714728114

https://www.oiv.int/what-we-do/viticulture-database-report?oiv=

Total
0
Shares
Prev
ASADELI

ASADELI

| David Mikhelidzeโ€™s family wine cellar | David Mikhelidzeโ€™s family wine cellar,

Next
MERANO WINE FESTIVAL

MERANO WINE FESTIVAL

| BY KETEVAN ALADASHVILI | Georgia has strong winemaking traditions and when the

You May Also Like

แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒก แƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒโ€œ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒคแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ โ€žProWein-2023โ€œ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก 25 แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ

แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ

Total
0
Share