An ode to Khvanchkara

| Giorgi Samanishvili |

โ€œKhvanchkaraโ€ wine: Red, naturally semi-sweet wine from Racha. Dark ruby, soft, aromatic, with a distinct scent of red fruit and berries, and a flower aromas of rose.

Khvanchkara micro zone:
Racha โ€“ municipality of Ambrolauri, 450-750 metres above sea level.
The micro zone includes nearby villages: Tsesi, Kvatskhuti, Sadmeli, Ghviara, Bostana, Didi Chordjo, Patara Chordjo, Meore Tola, Pirveli Tola, Chrebalo, Chkvishi, Zhoshkha, Kvishari, Ghvardia, Bareuli, Ghadishi, Badji, Bugeuli, Saketsia, Jvarisa, Itsa, Krikhi, Akhalsopeli, Gori, Khimshi, Abanoeti.
Grape varieties: Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli.
Grape yield per hectare: no more than 7000 kg.
Wine yield per hectare: no more than 4550 litres.

Chemical characteristics of wine:
Alcohol โ€“ no less than 11%
Sugar content โ€“ 30-45 g/l
Acidity โ€“ no less than 5 g/l

Our journey of Georgian vineyards starts with an extraordinary region of Racha

Vineyards in Racha
Hemmed by the Greater Caucasus Mountains, Racha is located between Racha and Lechkhumi Ridges, in the Valley of Riori River. It is famous for its exceptional beauty and wonderful wine. Here, vineyards spread on both sides of Rioni River, but occupy only about 800 hectares (for comparison, vineyards in Kakheti region occupy around 30 000 hectares). The most prominent grape varieties of Racha – Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli โ€“ make up only 1/3 of the total amount.

Despite the small amount of vineyards, Racha is as popular for its wine as any other region in Georgia. In fact, local wines have always been high in demand, and you can certainly notice it during the harvest: around October, after all the grape is collected in Kakheti, people head to Racha, and the region gets very busy with wine professionals and wine lovers.

Historically, there were much more vineyards in Racha than there are today. Sources indicate that at the end of the 19th century their area was around 3000 desyatinas (a measuring unit used before the metric system), which is a bit more than 3000 hectares. Some sources suggest this number to be closer to 5000 hectares. According to later sources, the total area of vineyards in Racha by the 1950s was 3200 hectares, which made wine making a rather lucrative affair for locals.

Past numbers can only mean one thing: there is a potential for more vineyards in Racha, which would greatly contribute to its economic growth and well-being.

Micro zones of Racha, its soil and climate
Racha is divided into two municipalities of Oni and Ambrolauri, or, when it comes to wine making, simply Upper and Lower Racha. Upper Racha or Oni district, is in a mountainous zone and wine making gives way to other agricultural activities, such as livestock farming.

Most vineyards are located lower, stretching from Oni to Ambrolauri district, and this is exactly where the potential lives when it comes to wine making and tourism. To this day, Khvanchkara is the most famous wine made from local grapes, however other varieties make for no less a wine than their famous counterparts. There are endemic varieties here that are worth mentioning, they produce light bodied and truly unique tasting wines.

Vineyards in Lower Racha spread through both banks of Rioni River, 450-800 metres above sea level. Historically, the right bank is called Khvanchkara micro district, and left is known as Ambrolauri-Bugeuli micro district. Wines taste different depending on which side was the grape grown on.

Vineyards on the right bank fall on the southern side; they get sunlight throughout the day. Villages on this side, such as: Tola, Khvanchkara, Chorjo, Bostana, were historically known for their grape varieties. This is the land where local grapes Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli grow, and this is home to Khvanchkara or Kipianisโ€™ wine.

Consequently, vineyards on the left bank of the river are on the northern side. Grapes here get less sunlight, but the temperature still remains high, so the grapes mature just as easily. This side (so-called Bugeuli micro district) is said to be better for white grape and Shavi (Black) Kapistoni growth. There are also some Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli vines here.

As we ascend through villages, the number of vineyards decline, since it gets harder for grapes to reach their maturity.

In terms of soil, Lower Racha has mainly humus-carbonate and clay soils as well as limy soil, flint mixed with clay and sand with clay, which are ideal for quaility wines. Climate is quite humid, but Rioni โ€œventilatesโ€ the area, so the chances of finding high humidity related diseases are low. High ranges of Racha and Lechkhumi protect the valleys from excess wind and dramatic weather changes. The area gets lots of sunlight and warmth. All of this lets the grape take its time to mature and yield rich, complex and verstaile wine.

Grape varieties in Racha
The most prominent from red grape varieties in Racha are Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli, while Rachuli (or Tsulukidze) Tetra is the most famous in white grapes.

Endemic varieties of Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli are quite similar. Some say that they have the same ancestry, namely a grape called โ€œOld Aleksandrouliโ€, which spawned Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli. A similarity between these two varieties can be found in their twigs, leaves and cordons, but their berries are vastly different. Aleksandrouli berry is round, while Mujuretuli berry is elongated. Mujuretuli reaches its maturity a little bit earlier. While mature, the skin gets quite firm and pops nicely in the mouth. These two varieties were traditionally grown together in mixed vineyards. It is only for the last 10-15 years, winemakers have started to grow them independently.

Other red grapes in Racha include Imeretian Dzelshavi, which yields a unique wine โ€“ simpler, but with an interesting, attractive aroma. Locals often refer to this variety as Dzvelshavi.

Kakhetian Saperavi is also quite widespread here. It was brought to this region in the beginning of the 20th century to mix in with Khvanchkara. Saperavi grown in Racha, yields a dark aromatic wine, which is softer and milder than traditional Saperavi. Another Imeretian variety found here is Otskhanuri Sapere. Some endemic varieties include โ€“ Shavi (Black) Kabistoni, Arabeuli and Rtskhili (or Rtskhila). They are historically known as the most widespread varieties for this region.

As mentioned above, the most famous white grape variety here is Rachuli or Tsulukidze Tetra โ€“ a source of pride for locals. Demand on this variety is so high that it rarely gets bottled. The privilege of tasting it is awarded to locals or their very lucky guests.

Some other white grapes here include: Imeretian Tsolikouri, Goruli Mtsvane (known here as Kvishkhura), Gorula, Tsitska and other grapes, either local or brought from neighboring regions.

Wines of Racha


Khvanchkara โ€“ despite its scarcity, it is the most well-known wine of Racha, produced in PDO (Protected Designation of Origin). It is made through non-complete fermentation of ripe Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli grape varieties. Grape makes up for at least 23%, with sugar content of 25-27%. Grapes are pressed, rid of stalks and left for alcoholic fermentation for about 4-5 days. Before the malolactic fermentation starts, the skins and pips are removed, and the liquid is left in cold temperatures. This helps preserve the natural sweetness at around 40 g/l. Once, a wine called Barakoni was very popular in this region. Even though it was semi-dry, it was known as โ€œKhvanchkara-likeโ€. Today, it is hardly ever made.

Dzelshavi โ€“ light red, aromatic, simple wine, mainly produced in family wineries.

Rachuli Tetra โ€“ famous wine from Racha, made by traditional recipes of the region. After the grapes are pressed, must, pips, stalks and skins are all put together and left for a couple of days (this can even start the alcoholic fermentation). Later, โ€œchachaโ€ (pips, stalks and skins) is removed and the juice is left to ferment on its own. This results in a mild, but very aromatic wine, which can be a bit on a sweeter side, but is mostly dry, with a unique color.

Tsolikouri โ€“ this is considered an everyday wine in most of the Western Georgia. It can be found in every household. There are several methods of making this wine: European or Classic and Imeretian. If it is made with Imeretian method, the โ€œchachaโ€ is added to the must, so it ferments better and gets more body.

Khimshuri โ€“ a once popular wine in Racha made from Rtskhili grape variety. Khimshi village is on the way from Oni to Ambrolauri, near Tsesi village. Khimshuri was always well acclaimed by locals and travelers alike. Sadly, it is rarely produced today.

Kipianisโ€™ Wine and history of Khvanchkara


Khvanchkara is infinitely connected to a noble name of Kipiani. Sources indicate that Kipiani family made exceptionally good wine in Racha since 19th century. They would sell their wine in the region as well as Kutaisi (the price was quite high โ€“ a bucket for 2 roubles), gradually importing it to the Russian Empire. Prior to World War I, Kipianis were very successful in making wine.

In 1890, Kipiani wines were deemed best in Kutaisi gubernia (an administrative subdivision in the Russian Empire). In 1900, they got a prize and a medal titled โ€œSanakeboโ€ (โ€œWell-acclaimedโ€ in Georgian) on the first Agricultural Exhibition in Batumi. In 1907, Kipiani wine won a grand-prix in Ostend, Belgium. They were given a diploma, a medal and a special token with the image of king of Belgium to commemorate this event (this token is now kept in the Georgian National Museum).

One of the labels of Kipiani wine bottles said โ€“ โ€œAuthentic Kipiani Wine from Racha โ€“ from the lands of Dimitri, the son of Aleksandre and Luarsab, the son of Luarsab, sold by โ€œWine Merchants of Kutaisiโ€ โ€“ Nestor Tsereteli and Varlam Papuashviliโ€. Counterfeiting wine was not an uncommon thing even back then and stating the names of merchants was one of the proofs of its authenticity.

1920 saw the first mass-production of Khvanchkara by โ€œKhvanchkara Wine Cellar Cooperationโ€. It was made with a traditional method of pressing only mature Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli grapes and using a non-complete fermentation. From this point on, Kipiani Wine was renamed to โ€œKhvanchkaraโ€. โ€œKhvanchara Wine Cellar Cooperationโ€ was first a part of Vine and Wine Union โ€œGeorgian Wineโ€ and later in 1932, became a part of Public Agricultural Trust โ€œSamtrestiโ€.

In 1930-40s, the government took a more active role in development of Khvanchkara. Professor Konstantine Modebadze studied the wine meticulously and refined its production methods. During these years, several wine cellars were built and renewed in Racha (In villages Khvanchkara, Chrebalo and city of Ambrolauri). All of these cellars became part of โ€œSamtrestiโ€ from 1942 and focused entirely on Khvanchkara production.

Despite rebranding, Kipiani Wine (now, Khvanchkara) quickly regained popularity due to its quality. Following Khvanchkaraโ€™s success, other naturally sweet wines were emerging: Kindzmarauli, Akhasheni, Ojaleshi, Usakhelauri that became very popular in Soviet Union after World War II.

In the beginning of 2000s, when Georgian wine export and production revived, demand of Khvanchkara started to grow. Before the Protected Designations of Origin regulations were enacted, there was a serious threat to all Georgian wines and Khvanchkara in particular โ€“ they were produced and sold illegally throughout Georgia and abroad.

In 2002, the name was protected under presidentโ€™s decree. In 2007, National Intellectual Property Center of Georgia registered specifics of Khvanchkara production and various control mechanisms were enabled to fight against wine falsification. A number of cases defending the name โ€œKhvanchkaraโ€ were filed in courts abroad. All of them ended in favor of Georgia.

In the last years, harvest in Racha undergoes a strict control. Grape processing is rigorously accounted. Wine is successfully sold in Georgia and exported abroad. Aleksandrouli and Mujuretuli have the highest prices on the market, therefore Khvanchkara is one of the most expensive wines in Georgia.

Khvanchkara โ€“ new challenges

As Iโ€™ve mentioned above, Khvanchkara is successfully sold in Georgia and abroad. It already has stable buyers in local markets, ready to pay the high price.

Today, Georgian wine is actively conquering new markets. Its awareness is growing; new customers are positively receiving our traditional wines โ€“ qvevri wines, amber wines and others. However, Khvanchkara (and other naturally semi-sweet wines) are mainly consumed locally or sold on traditional markets. New market demand on these wines remains low. Companies or wine cellars selling Khvanchkara do not own any vineyards or cellars in Racha. Instead, they buy the grape and use to produce Khvanchkara along with many other varieties of wine. Since the price on grape is high, and its maintenance is quite hard, wine producers rarely promote Khvanchkara in new markets, they prefer to concentrate their energies on wines with high demand. Khvanchkara is mainly left to its divices, which is a sad thing to admit since it has a great potential due to its history, taste and style. It can easily stand its ground among prestigious wines, but this requires a lot of effort and resources.

The first challenge is managing grape outflow from Racha. There are a number of benefits to producing the wine in its place of origin:

  • More jobs will be created, not solely in vineyards but in wine cellars as well; this will help increase the knowledge and experience of local winemakers;
  • Local winemakers will get more involved in the sales process;
  • More tourists will flow to Racha, since Khvanchkara can become a sort of locomotive for attracting tourists to the region. Increased interest in Khvanchkara will stimulate smaller wine cellars and tasting halls to emerge, along with other necessary infrastructure;
  • Increase in local wine production will result in other wines of Racha, such as dry Aleksandrouli, Shavi (Black) Kapistoni, Dzelshavi or Tetra, to be produced as well. This variety of wines will attract more visitors, which means more revenue for Khvanchkara producers;
  • If locals also sell wine (not just grape), more attention will be paid to quality of grape, instead of quantity;
  • No one knows local wines better than people of Racha and if wine production takes place here, they will be avid advocates for it, showcasing their product in the best possible way.

Comparing to other regions, Racha has a massive advantage: its size and geographical location. Out of 10 wine making regions in Georgia, it is the smallest and naturally boarded region. Even in the best-case scenario, the total amount of potential vineyards will never exceed 3 or 4 thousand hectares. If all the necessary resources and effort are well invested, limited quantity and good quality of a product will automatically call for a high price. High quality, limited quantity and high prices have always been the marketing strategy for Georgia. 

Another important aspect is refining the style of Khvanchkara wine. A high quality Khvanchkara is made from overly ripe grapes. When ripe grape fermentation is interrupted, you get a naturally semi-sweet wine. If fermentation goes on, wine will have more alcohol, but will be less sweet. If the fermentation completes, we will get a dry wine high in alcohol. However, when grape is overripe, all of this changes. You get more character, more aromas, strength and pleasantness.

Experimenting with the process could lead to interesting discoveries: itโ€™s possible that dry or semi-dry Khvanchkara is rather exciting. Some necessary precautions in this case would be to:

  • Ensure the maturity (ripeness) standard is controlled. Otherwise, we might get an empty, meaningless wine;
  • Labels on the bottle should clearly indicate the style of wine: semi-sweet or dry.

Italyโ€™s Valpolicella Recioto and Amarena can be used as good references for these cases.

Changin type and style of Khvanchkara is such an important matter, that it should only be decided and executed by winemakers of Racha. It would be beneficial to create an associated of Khvanchkara. Local winemakers, viticulturists and public should unite for a common cause โ€“ development of Khvanchkara wine. It should be local professionals who make strategic decisions and plan marketing activities for new and traditional markets. After all, it is only the locals who make an exceptional and exclusive Khvanchkara, and they are the ones who can explain its uniqueness to consumers, making it more popular and trendy.

Naturally semi-sweet wines

We see a decline in popularity of semi-sweet and sweet wines in the world today. They are commonly associated with cheaper, artificially sweetened wines, which are considered to be for amateur consumers. This is less of a case with famous wines from Protected Designations of Origin, such as Hungarian Tokaji Aszรบ, Italian Recioto della Valpolicella, French Sauternes, German BA, TBA and Eiswein, fortified Porto, Sherry and etc. However, their producers still put a lot of effort in maintening their popularity.

Most of the above-mentioned wines are white. Winemakers and viticulturists have to keep a close eye on the balance of sugar content, acidity and sweetness in case of white whines. In case of red wines, a fourth component โ€“ tannin level โ€“ comes into play. It is difficult for a novice to appreciate a red, sweet wine; it is infinitely harder for an untrained professional to make it. It requires a lot of experience.

In his works, Konstantine Modebadze notes that when the grape is at the right maturity, sugar content in Aleksandrouli (and Mujuretuli) grape in Khvanchkara district was as high as 27-30%. The fermentation stopped automatically at an alcohol level of 12-14%, with sweetness at 50-60 g/l. In the same district, Aleksandrouli (and Mujuretuli) kept a high acitidy (more than 5 g/l), even when overripe, which balanced out high alcohol and sweetness.

Tannins are also ripe in a mature grape, which gives a strong taste to wine, as opposed to astringent. Kipiani family was the first one to create an initial balance of alcohol, sweetness, acidity and tannins, which was later refined by other winemakers and researchers.

Another interesting fact about Khvanchkara is its color. Today it varies from light to dark ruby, however in older sources we find that this wine was exclusively described as dark ruby. The skin of a well-matured grape gives more coloring particles making the wine darker.

Adhering to standards of maturity and production of Khvanchkara will yield a darker, more aromatic, soft and balanced Khvanchkara wine.

Inclusion

Valpolicella is a viticultural zone in Veneto region of Italy, famous for its naturally sweet red wine Recioto Della Valpolicella, made from Corvina and other varieties.

To increase their natural sugar levels, the grapes are first dried after harvest and then pressed. After a non-complete fermentation of dregs, we get a famous naturally semi-sweet Recioto, with alcohol content no less than 12%, and sugar content no less than 50 g/l.

In 1950, local winemakers started making dry wine from grapes used for Recioto. They made it without decreasing the initial sugar levels of grape. What they got was a high-alcohol wine (14% according to specifications, but 15% and more in practice), with strong aroma and taste. They called it Amarone (Amaro means bitter in italian).

As a result, today, red, high-alcohol, dry wine Amarone is more popular than its predecessor โ€“ red, sweet Recioto.


แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒก

แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜

แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒโ€œ: แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒšแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ”แƒœแƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒšแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒ˜.

แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ: แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ, แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ 450-750 แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒš แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก: แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ, แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ, แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ, แƒญแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ, แƒญแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒŸแƒแƒจแƒฎแƒ, แƒฅแƒ•แƒ˜แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒฆแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒฏแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ’แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒฏแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ, แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ˜, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ›แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜. แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ – แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜;

แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ 1 แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ  แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜ – แƒแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒก 7 000 แƒ™แƒ’ / แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ – แƒแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒก 4550 แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ˜/แƒฐแƒ.

แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก” แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒขแƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ –  แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘ 11%. แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ โ€“ 30-45 แƒ’/แƒš. แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ – แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘ 5 แƒ’/แƒš.

แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ–แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— – แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—.

แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜

แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก – แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ” – แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ. แƒแƒฅ, แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜,  800 แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ (แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜ 30 000 แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ), แƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก – แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ— – แƒแƒฅแƒแƒฃแƒ  แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒœแƒก: แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒ”แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ”, แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒก แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒก.

แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ. แƒ›แƒ”-19 แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜  แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 3 000 แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ (แƒแƒœแƒฃ 3 000 แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒชแƒแƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜, แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒ˜ – 5 000 แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜) แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ. แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”, แƒแƒœแƒฃ 3200 แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ 1950-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ.

แƒแƒฅ, แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ , แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒแƒšแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒแƒ  แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ: แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ,  แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒ˜ – แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ–แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒญแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”. แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒฅแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ, แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ. แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒ— แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ. 

แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ 450-800 แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก. แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒก แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก – แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜-แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ’แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜.

แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ–แƒ”, แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก  แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒก. แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒช แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ (แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ”), แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ, แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ.

แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ–แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒก (แƒ”. แƒฌ. แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ’แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜) แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒแƒฅ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒฃแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก,  แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒช แƒ˜แƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ-แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜ – แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒชแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก. แƒ›แƒ–แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ—แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒจแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒย  แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒก.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ – แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ (แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”, แƒฌแƒฃแƒšแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒซแƒ˜แƒก) แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ—.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒฌแƒแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒก. แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฐแƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ—, แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“, แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ โ€žแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒช. แƒงแƒšแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ: แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก –  แƒฌแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒแƒ• แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜,  แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ™แƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒ™แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ 10-15 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒแƒฅแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒชแƒแƒš-แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒช แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒก.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒช แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ – แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”. แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ โ€žแƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒกโ€œ แƒฃแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ.

แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒฅ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒชแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ™แƒฃแƒžแƒแƒŸแƒจแƒ˜. แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช, แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒช. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ – แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ (แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ). แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.

แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ  แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ•แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒฌแƒฃแƒšแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ – แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”. แƒ”แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒชแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒฃแƒคแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ—.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒฅ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ˜แƒจแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฃแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ, แƒชแƒ˜แƒชแƒฅแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜

แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ – แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ. แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ” แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘ 23%, แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ 25-27% แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒก แƒแƒชแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 4-5 แƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒงแƒœแƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒญแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ –   แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 40 แƒ’/แƒš แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒœแƒฃ, แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ— โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒแƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ – แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒแƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ – แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ: แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ›แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ (แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒก). แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒญแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒแƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก.

แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ – แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช, แƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช, แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ – แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒœ, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ, แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช. แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒช  แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒก.

แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ›แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ – แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ›แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช, แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจ แƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒš แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ›แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ

แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก – แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ— แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”-19 แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก 70-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒฅแƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ (แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒซแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ – 2 แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ), แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜, แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ—. แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ.

1890-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒฅแƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. 1900 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ-แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒ, แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— – โ€žแƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒโ€œ,  1907 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅ แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ”,  แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒšแƒ“แƒ – แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒœ-แƒžแƒ แƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒžแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒŸแƒ”แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ— (แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒฃแƒ–แƒ”แƒฃแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ).

แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ, แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ – โ€žแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒโ€œ –  แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒฃแƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘ แƒšแƒฃแƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒœ โ€žแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ – แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ  แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒšแƒแƒ› แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜โ€œ. แƒแƒฅ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒแƒœแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒคแƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒช แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ.

 1920-แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒชโ€œ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒœแƒฃ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก – แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒโ€œ. แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก – โ€žแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒโ€œ – แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ 1932 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒจแƒ˜ – โ€žแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜โ€œ – แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ.

1930-1940-แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฉแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒซแƒ”แƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฌแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.  แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ (แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš แƒญแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒจแƒ˜) แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. 1942 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ˜ โ€žแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ.     

แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ› แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒช – โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒโ€œ – แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ–แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒฅแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜, แƒแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜, แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช, แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒญแƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ˜. 

2000-แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒแƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒชโ€œ. แƒ˜แƒ› แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒชโ€œ – แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”แƒช.

2002 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. 2007 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒš แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒšแƒกแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ“แƒ.

แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒจ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ–แƒ”แƒช. แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒชโ€œ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒซแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜.

โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒโ€œ –  แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜

แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”, โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒโ€œ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ–แƒ”แƒช. แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒแƒก, แƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก – แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก, แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ” แƒ™แƒ˜, โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒโ€œ (แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜) แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ (แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ) แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ—. แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒกโ€œ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒคแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ, แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”, แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒแƒœ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ  แƒคแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›, แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒโ€œ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒช, แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒช. แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ— แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒŸแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒแƒกแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—.

แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก. แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒก:

  • แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ, แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ; แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒชแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ-แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ.
  • แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ: แƒ—แƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ.
  • แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒก. โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒกโ€œ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ (แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜) แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฐแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—.
  • แƒ—แƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒกโ€œ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒš แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ, แƒจแƒแƒ• แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒก, แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ  แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒช โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒ›แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.
  • แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก (แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒก),  แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก.
  • แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒกแƒงแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒก, แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก: แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ› แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ 3-4 แƒแƒ—แƒแƒก แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.  แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒ–แƒฆแƒฃแƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒคแƒแƒกแƒก – แƒ แƒแƒช, แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ.

แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ  แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฌแƒ. แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ. แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ” แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ. แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒช แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— – แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก. แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•, แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ—: แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ, แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒก. แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ:

  • แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ,  แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒจแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก;
  • แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒขแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ™แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ” – แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ.

แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฉแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒก. แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒช.   แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ, แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก – แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ›แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒœ แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒแƒœ  แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜,  แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก. แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒฎ, แƒ”แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒก, แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ—, แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒœ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฃแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒแƒœ แƒแƒ› แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ˜.

แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜

แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก, แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒแƒ , แƒ˜แƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒก, แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ˜ (Tokaji Aszu), แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฉแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒ (Recioto della Valepolicella), แƒคแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ˜ (Sauternes), แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ (BA, TBA แƒ“แƒ Eiswein) แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ (Porto), แƒฎแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ (Jeres แƒแƒœแƒฃ Sherry PX) แƒ“แƒ. แƒ. แƒจ. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ— แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“.

แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ. แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ› แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒœ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก. แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ – แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒ”. แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ• แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก.

แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒจแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ—, แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก (แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก) แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 27-30%-แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒ” 12-14%-แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ – 50-60 แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ (แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜) แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก (5 แƒ’/แƒš-แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜), แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฌแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒแƒก.

แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก – แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ™แƒšแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒก. แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ”แƒก, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฌแƒ”แƒก.

แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒšแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅ แƒšแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒœ แƒ แƒแƒชแƒ แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅ แƒšแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒข แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ• แƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก.  แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒš, แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—.


แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜,  แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒขแƒแƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฉแƒ”แƒšแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฉแƒ”แƒšแƒ (Recioto della Valpolicella) แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ – แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ (Corvina) แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ.

แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒแƒจแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ“แƒแƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฌแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒฃแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒš แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก – แƒ แƒ˜แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘ 12%, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘ 50แƒ’/แƒš แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก.

1950-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒ—. แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ (แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘ 14%, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ – 15% แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜), แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ” (Amarone) (Amaro แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก) แƒฃแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒก.

แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒš แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒ˜,  แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ – แƒ แƒ˜แƒฉแƒแƒขแƒ.

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แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜

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