RACHA, MY LOVE

| Homeland of Wine Magazine |

By Keti Kvichidze

Racha is located in the northeastern part of western Georgia. For centuries, wheat, barley, and oats were cultivated in this region, which is why bread baking became a profession here, and the people of Racha were known as skilled bakers. Upper Racha was well-known for cattle breeding, while Lower Racha became famous for its viticulture and winemaking. Our upcoming exploration will focus specifically on this region and its gastronomy.

In the village of Kvatskhuti in Ambrolauri, we visited Melitoni Winery and met Giorgi Skhirtladze, winemaker and owner of the establishment. Giorgiโ€™s ancestors come from Mravaldzali, a picturesque village perched at 1,800 meters above sea level. In this high mountainous region, the people of Racha practiced winemaking, transporting grapes from the lowlands by oxcart to craft their wine.

When Giorgiโ€™s great-grandfather Melitoni was in the lowlands, his wife Tamara tended to the wine, a daily task that required the demanding work of stirring the qvevri. It is thanks to Melitoni and Tamara, that Giorgi continues the winemaking tradition. He also learned how to prepare traditional Rachvelian dishes from his grandmother.

Itโ€™s intriguing to explore what the people of Racha enjoyed with their local wines. We discussed the regionโ€™s traditional dishes with Khatuna Gelovani, a researcher of local gastronomy.

โ€œOne of the main products the people of Racha take pride in is Rachvelian ham , which is made from pork. The regionโ€™s oak forests and the acorn-fed, free-range pigs give the ham its distinctive flavour. The process begins with slicing the pork loin into pieces known as โ€˜pelika.โ€™ These pieces are then layered on a wooden board after being dipped in hot brine. They then cover the top with a piece of sackcloth, which protects the meat from contamination while allowing air circulation. After 7-8 days, the pieces are turned over and left for another week. Next, the meat is hung near a medium heat source for 3-4 days to allow the juices to drain. Finally, they light a low fire using tkemali (wild plum) or oak wood to smoke the meat. The smoking process lasts for one month.โ€

Khatuna Gelovani recommended using oak wood for smoking to achieve golden colored ham.

The people of Racha keep ham throughout the year as a traditional festive dish. When the ham is ready, it signifies that winter has been successfully weathered. Ham can be enjoyed both straight and cooked. It is often prepared as a stew or added to lobio (Georgian bean stew), enhancing the flavour of both lobio and lobiani (traditional bean-stuffed pastries).

Lobio (bean stew) is a cherished dish among the locals, and the mere mention of it brings a sparkle to any Rachvelianโ€™s eyes. It is enjoyed both as a stew and as a dry dish (kirkazhi). Lobio is also used to make the renowned lobiani, a stuffed pastry that is either baked in a tone (traditional oven) or pan-fried.

Lobiani is not only a daily dish but a ceremonial one, playing a central role in the celebration of โ€˜Barbaloba,โ€™ a tradition observed throughout Georgia. Ivane Javakhishvili, a prominent Georgian historian and scholar, noted that before beans (lobio) were introduced to Georgia from America, the locals consumed a grain called tsulispira. This grain required lengthy cooking times and was more difficult to cultivate, which is why it has been replaced by lobio over the centuries.

Rachvelian-style lobio is made by boiling beans, changing the water at least twice during the process. Onions and garlic are sautรฉed in pork fat and then mixed into the beans. Coriander, pepper, parsley, celery, and either dill or thyme are added, and the mixture is mashed thoroughly before being served with mchadi (cornbread). This dish pairs particularly well with various pickles, including jonjoli (bladdernut), which is drizzled with oil, topped with chopped onions, and served.

Shkmeruli is a traditional Rachvelian dish originally known as chicken in garlic water. Garlic, valued for its antibacterial properties, was commonly used in cooking to prevent spoilage, particularly of chicken meat during the summer. The dish was named shkmeruli by chef Grigol Gagnidze, who hailed from the village of Shkmeruli and worked in a Tbilisi restaurant in the 1950s. He introduced milk to the garlic water, giving the dish its current name. Today, shkmeruli is enjoyed not only in Georgia but around the world.

Bughlama is a traditional Rachvelian dish made from the plant known as qalakoda (Arum orientale). Qalakoda, a member of the iris family, is dried in summer for use in winter. The preparation involves simmering tkemali (wild plum sauce), then adding crumbled dried herbs and flour, and cooking everything together. Garlic, coriander, salt, and pepper are added to taste. Locals claim that bughlama is the best remedy for a hangover.

Like other regions of Georgia, Racha is rich in stuffed pastries, including bochkhuani and brachuli (square and cross-shaped khachapuri), kada-khacha (Georgian sweet pie with cheese), sheketsila (bread with walnut filling), ganatekhi (dough rolled with walnuts, also baked for ritual purposes), mkhaliani (pastry with a leafy green filling), and Ghebiโ€™s 3 cheese khachapuri, among others.

Ghebi, located in Upper Racha, is renowned for its breathtaking natural beauty. Both the atmosphere and the cuisine are exceptional. The method for preparing rdzi-tavi (a type of cheese) in Ghebi resembles that of crรจme fraรฎche and is unique to this region of Georgia. Rdzi-tavi is crafted from boiled milk cream, and the cheese produced in Ghebi is particularly esteemed for its quality as well.

A distinctive dish from mountainous Racha is tskaldaskhmula, made with curd. The curd is stored in a large container, which is weighed down to press out excess moisture. To prepare tskaldaskhmula, youโ€™ll need pieces of mchadi (corn bread), a spoonful of ghee, and several tablespoons of curd. The ghee and curd are mixed into boiling water, then the cornbread is soaked in this mixture, and the dish is ready to enjoy.

Jorma is a distinctive and unusual dish made from pork or lamb rumen. The rumen is carefully cleaned and then stuffed with a mixture of herbs and lambโ€™s fat tail, similar to the way dolma is prepared. To keep it intact, the stuffed rumen is wrapped with string and boiled in a large pot. Once cooked, jorma is sliced and served.

Baduri is a traditional dish from Upper Racha made with pig intestines. The intestines must be thoroughly cleaned, inflated, and tied at both ends. They are then left to dry in the sun. Once dried, the threads used to tie the ends are removed, leaving the intestines puffed. They are then filled with a mixture of fried or boiled ground meat (or both) and krichkhoni which is the term Rachvelians use for the fat and browned remnants left in the pan after cooking meat. The intestines are seasoned with various spices according to taste, such as salt, red pepper, or black pepper. The stuffed intestines are stored in a cool, dry place. They are enjoyed in winter, heated in a pan, and served with tkemali (wild plum sauce) and bread.

Rachvelians are also passionate about plant-based dishes, using ingredients such as nettles, qalakoda (Arum Orientale), ground ivy, wild garlic, and dandelions. They possess a deep knowledge of mushrooms, with a particular fondness for machkvinara (honey mushrooms.) They also prepare kvakhitsela from pumpkin.

Khatuna Gelovani, while others were made with the winemakers from Melitoni winery. The Rachvelian dishes were especially complemented by Aleksandrouli wine from this winery.


แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ – แƒฉแƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒกแƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜

แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒญแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ-แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฐแƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒฅแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ. แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒžแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.

แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒฃแƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ แƒขแƒšแƒแƒซแƒ”แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒ”แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒคแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ. แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ. แƒ”แƒก แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ 1800 แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒฆแƒšแƒ” แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒš แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก – แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒก. แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ, แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒช แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ.

แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒš แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“. แƒแƒฅแƒแƒฃแƒ  แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ  แƒฎแƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ—.

โ€œแƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒช แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒฆแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒฅแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒช แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒ  แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒคแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ–แƒ”, แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒš-แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฏแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒแƒก แƒœแƒแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒแƒคแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฐแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ. 7-8 แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, 3-4 แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”, แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒก. แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒ”แƒš แƒชแƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒก แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ. แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.โ€

แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒฅแƒ แƒแƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ—, แƒ›แƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ•แƒแƒกแƒ – แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ.

แƒšแƒแƒ แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜. แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ, แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒก. แƒšแƒแƒ แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒจแƒฃแƒšแƒก. แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒจแƒฃแƒšแƒก. แƒšแƒแƒ แƒก แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒฉแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ”, แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒžแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒช.

แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก. แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฌแƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒก, แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ (แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒก). แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒก – แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒแƒœ แƒขแƒแƒคแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ”แƒ“แƒก แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœ.

แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒฆแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— โ€œแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒโ€ แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ” (แƒ”แƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜). แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒจแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒก แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒ› แƒฉแƒแƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒชแƒ”แƒžแƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ: แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ (แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒก แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ), แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฎแƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒก แƒจแƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒฆแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒก, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ™แƒแƒก, แƒแƒฎแƒ แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒจแƒก, แƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒชแƒแƒก, แƒจแƒแƒจแƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒก. แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒญแƒแƒ“แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“. แƒแƒ› แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒฌแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ–แƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒแƒกแƒฎแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœ, แƒฎแƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒœ.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒฆแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ (แƒแƒœ แƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ) แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ แƒแƒจแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ–แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ; แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒงแƒšแƒแƒžแƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ  แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒฎแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒคแƒฅแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ. แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒก, แƒฅแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ™แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ. แƒแƒฅแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒฆแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ.

แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—: แƒ‘แƒแƒฎแƒฉแƒฃแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ (แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜, แƒฏแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒญแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜), แƒฅแƒแƒ“แƒ-แƒฎแƒแƒญแƒ (แƒฎแƒแƒญแƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ“แƒ), แƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒšแƒ (แƒžแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ—), แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒฎแƒ˜ (แƒชแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ•แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ), แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ (แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜), แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก 3-แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒญแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ.

แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒชแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ. แƒแƒฅแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ. แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒซแƒ˜-แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒŸแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒฐแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒก. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ แƒซแƒ˜-แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฅแƒแƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ -แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜. แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒžแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ–แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒจแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒฅแƒแƒ—แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒญแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒก แƒจแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒแƒš แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒ˜แƒซแƒ”แƒ› แƒฃแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš แƒจแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒ 50-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ. แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ -แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒก แƒ แƒซแƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒก แƒจแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ. แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒ›แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒฎแƒแƒญแƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒญแƒฃแƒ แƒญแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒซแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“. แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒญแƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ–แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒญแƒ. แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ˜แƒš แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒคแƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒญแƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒญแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ.

แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒฆแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒคแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒš แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒฃแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒจแƒแƒšแƒแƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒซแƒแƒคแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒฅแƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒจแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ›แƒ–แƒ แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒœ.

แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ – แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ— แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ–แƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ—-แƒ˜แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒก. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“. แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒคแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒจแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ— (แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒแƒ, แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒช) แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒฉแƒฎแƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒชแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ›แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒแƒคแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒš แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ แƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒš แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒก (แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—) – แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒก, แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒฌแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ™แƒแƒก แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒแƒ• แƒžแƒ˜แƒšแƒžแƒ˜แƒšแƒก. แƒจแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒชแƒ˜แƒ•, แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒš แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒœ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜, แƒขแƒแƒคแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒก, แƒขแƒงแƒ”แƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“.

แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ. แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒญแƒ˜แƒœแƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ, แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ, แƒ›แƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒœแƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ, แƒฆแƒแƒšแƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ, แƒฅแƒแƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒชแƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ, แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ™แƒœแƒ˜แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ, แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒฃแƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ. แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒก แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒช. แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒญแƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ (แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ) แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ—. แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ (แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ) แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก.

แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ—แƒฃแƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ—. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒแƒญแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ.

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| แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒญแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” | แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช 13-19 แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ,

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