Prevalent Autochthonous Wine Grape Varieties in the Viticulture Zone of Lechkhumi

| HOMELAND OF WINE MAGAZINE |

| By Irma Mdinaradze. Agriculture Ph.D., Associate professor at Caucasus International University. Chief Specialist, Viticulture analysis and regulation department, LEPL National Wine Agency |

Lechkhumi, one of Georgiaโ€™s most stunning and unique regions, has seen viticulture and winemaking thrive for centuries despite its limited land size. The zone is renowned for its exceptional wines, which owe their quality to the regionโ€™s distinctive ecological and soil conditions, as well as its rich, long-standing traditions. The renowned geographer and historian Vakhushti Batonishvili described Lechkhumi as a mountainous region that, despite its terrain, is rich in vineyards and fruits.

Today, the Lechkhumi viticulture zone is recorded with 329 hectares of vineyards, showcasing a range of notable autochthonous wine grape varieties, including:

Usakhelouri (syn.: Okureshuli) is an autochthonous red grape variety within the Racha-Lechkhumi vine variety group, predominantly found in the Lechkhumi viticulture zone. The distinguished historian Ivane Javakhishvili links the name of this variety to the village of Usakhelo, situated on the right bank of the Lajanura River in Lechkhumi.

The variety is characterised by a moderate yield (typically 5.0-7.0 tons per hectare) and a late ripening periodโ€”grapes in Lechkhumi typically ripen at the end of September or the first half of October. The sugar content of the grape juice ranges from 21.0% to 26.0%, while the titratable acidity is between 6.5 and 9.0 g/L.

Usakhelouri is a premium wine grape variety used to produce dry, naturally semi-dry, and naturally semi-sweet wines. The wine is noted for its intense dark cherry colour, pleasant varietal aroma, substantial body, and harmonious taste. Notably, Usakhelouri is used to craft the PDO wine Okureshis Usakhelouri.

Orbeluri (syn.: Orbeluri Ojalashi, Orbelis Ojalashi, Lechkhumis Ojalashi) is an autochthonous red grape variety belonging to the Racha-Lechkhumi vine variety group and is mainly found in the Lechkhumi viticulture zone. The variety is characterised by a moderate to high yield (typically 7.0-8.0 tons per hectare) and a late ripening periodโ€”grapes in Lechkhumi ripen at the end of September or the first half of October. The sugar content of the grape juice ranges from 18.5% to 21.3%, while the acidity is between 5.5 and 6.8 g/L.

Wine made from Orbeluri using the classic method is noted for its good colour, lightness, moderate extraction, and pleasant taste.

Aleksandrouli (syn.: Kabistoni, Kabistona) is an autochthonous red grape variety that belongs to the Racha group of vine varieties. It is primarily found in the Racha viticulture zone, with some presence in the viticulture zones of Kakheti and Lechkhumi. According to existing literary sources (N. Ketskhoveli, M. Ramishvili, D. Tabidze, 1960), Aleksandrouli was formerly known as Kabistoni or Kabistona before it was renamed Aleksandrouli.

The variety is noted for a moderate yield (typically 4.0-6.0 tons per hectare) and late ripeningโ€”grapes in the Racha and Lechkhumi viticulture zones ripen at the end of September or the first half of October. The sugar content of the grape juice ranges from 21.0% to 28.0%, while the acidity is between 5.5 and 7.0 g/L.

Aleksandrouli is a premium quality wine grape variety used to produce both naturally semi-sweet and dry wines. Notably, it is used, along with Mujuretuli, to make the naturally semi-sweet PDO wine Khvanchkara, which was historically known as Kipianiโ€™s Wine. In Racha, Aleksandrouli was traditionally used to produce a type of wine called Chkepa, crafted without chacha (pomace), and known for its golden colour and pleasant taste.

Mujuretuli is an autochthonous red grape variety from the Racha-Lechkhumi vine variety group, primarily found in the Racha viticulture zone. It also appears, though less commonly, in the viticulture zones of Lechkhumi, Kakheti, and other areas. The variety is known for its moderate yield (usually 6.0-8.0 tons per hectare) and late ripening, with grapes maturing at the end of September or the first half of October in Racha and Lechkhumi. The grape juice has a sugar content ranging from 21.0% to 28.0%, and the acidity falls between 6.0 and 7.0 g/L.

Mujuretuli is a premium quality wine grape variety used to craft dry and naturally semi-sweet wines. Notably, it is used, along with Aleksandrouli, to produce the naturally semi-sweet PDO wine Khvanchkara.

Tskhvediani Tetra (syn.: Tskhvediani Tetri) is an autochthonous white grape variety from the Lechkhumi vine variety group, with a limited presence in the Lechkhumi viticulture zone.

The variety is characterised by an above-average yield and a medium ripening periodโ€”grapes in the Lechkhumi viticulture zone reach full ripeness by mid-September. The sugar content of the grape juice ranges from 22.0% to 23.0%, while the acidity is between 5.0 and 6.0 g/L. Tskhvediani Tetra is used to produce a white, dry, light wine.

Tsolikouri (syn.: Obchuri Tsolikouri, Tsolikauri, Melkos Tsolikouri, Kokhidze Tsolikouri, Kobakhidze Tsolikouri) is a leading autochthonous white grape variety that belongs to the Imereti vine variety group and is widely distributed not only in the Imereti viticulture zone but throughout western Georgia. This variety is noted for its moderate to high yield (typically 7-10 tons per hectare), some resistance to certain fungal diseases (such as powdery mildew), and a late ripening periodโ€”grapes typically ripen in the second half of October in western Georgia. The sugar content of the grape juice ranges from 19.0% to 25.0%, depending on the region, while the titratable acidity ranges from 7.5 to 9.5 g/L.

Tsolikouri is a premium quality wine grape variety that can be used to produce a wide range of wines, using both classic (European) and Imeretian methods. Notably, it is used to make original PDO wines, such as Sviri (alongside Tsitska and Krakhuna) and Tvishi.


แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜

แƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒแƒซแƒ” | แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜,
แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ˜. แƒกแƒกแƒ˜แƒž แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ-แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜. |

แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ. แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฌแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒฅ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ” แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒจแƒขแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ: โ€žแƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒก แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒœแƒ แƒแƒ แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€ฆโ€œ

แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ 329 แƒฐแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ:

แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜) แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ-แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜. แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒฏแƒแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒšแƒแƒฏแƒแƒœแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒคแƒ”แƒš แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ (แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ 5,0-7,0 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ) แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก/ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 21,0-26,0 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 6,5-9,0 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜) แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฐแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ-แƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜โ€œ.

แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜, แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฏแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜) แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ-แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜.
แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ 7,0-8,0 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ) แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก/ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 18,5-21,3 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 5,5-6,8 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜.

แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ) แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก (แƒœ. แƒ™แƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ›. แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ“. แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ”, 1960) แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ“, แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ 4,0-6,0 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ) แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ— – แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก/ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 21,0-28,0 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 5,5-7,0 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ (แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“) แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒโ€œ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—: โ€žแƒงแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒโ€œ. แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒก แƒ แƒแƒญแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒญแƒแƒญแƒแƒ“ แƒ”.แƒฌ. โ€žแƒฉแƒฅแƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ“โ€œ แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒฅแƒ แƒแƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ.

แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ-แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ 6,0-8,0 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ) แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก/แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 21,0-28,0 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 6,0-7,0 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฃแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ (แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“) แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒขแƒ™แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ โ€žแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒญแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒโ€œ.

แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜) แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒฃแƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 22,0- 23,0 %-แƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 5,0-6,0 แƒ’/แƒš แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.แƒชแƒฎแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒจแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ.

แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒกแƒ˜แƒœ.: แƒแƒ‘แƒฉแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒฅแƒแƒก แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒซแƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜) แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ—แƒ แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒš แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜.

แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— (แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ 7-10 แƒข/แƒฐแƒ), แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก (แƒญแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒ˜) แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ— – แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒจแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 19,0-25,0 %, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 7,5-9,5 แƒ’/แƒš-แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜แƒ.

แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒ” แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜แƒ – แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ (แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜), แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ–แƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: โ€žแƒกแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜โ€œ (แƒชแƒ˜แƒชแƒฅแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“) แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜โ€œ.


แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ:
แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒซแƒ” แƒ., 1939. แƒ แƒแƒญแƒ-แƒšแƒ”แƒฉแƒฎแƒฃแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.
แƒ™แƒ”แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒœ., แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›., แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒ” แƒ“., 1960. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ.
แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›., 1986. แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ.
แƒฏแƒแƒ•แƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜., 1986. แƒ—แƒฎแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒข แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“. แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ V.
แƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒซแƒ” แƒœ., 1987. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜.
แƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒซแƒ” แƒ—. 2014 แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜.
แƒฃแƒฏแƒ›แƒแƒฏแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒซแƒ” แƒš., แƒ™แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒซแƒ” แƒ’., แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒš., 2022. แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ˜แƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.
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